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You are here: Home / What we do / Technical / Andromeda Probe

Andromeda Probe

Principal Investigators: Andreas Hein and Kelvin F. Long

This was a short study completed in March 2016 to design a Gram-scale interstellar probe to be sent to the nearest stars at 0.1c using current or near envisage (up to 20 years) technology. A team of 15 people were assembled to complete the report and subsequent follow-up assessments, which was a delivery for the Breakthrough Initiative Project Starshot.  The final report produced was titled "Initial Considerations for the Interstellar (Andromeda) Probe: A Three Day Study".  In addition to the principal investigators who led the study, the other contributors were Rob Swinney, Richard Osborne, John Davies, Stefan Zeidler, Angelo Genovese, Bill Cress, Martin Langer, Dan Fries, Nikolas Perakis, Lukas Schrenk, Marc Casson, Sam Harrison, Adrian Mann and Professor Rachel Armstrong.

The field of interstellar studies has taken probably the most important step in its history when on the 12th of April 2016, the physicist and entrepreneur Yuri Milner announced Project Starshot: A $100 million research and development program for a laser-propelled gram-sized probe to Proxima Centauri. However, the spectacular announcement was preceded by the careful evaluation of different options for the Starshot architecture. The Project Starshot team has been informed from various sides regarding the architecture of the mission and had consulted certain groups.

During early 2016, the Initiative for Interstellar Studies had also been asked by the Breakthrough team to provide its own perspective on a laser-propelled interstellar mission. This was especially because we had been running our own Project Dragonfly, an ongoing laser sail project that had been launched in 2013.

During March 2016 Executive Director Kelvin F Long met with the Breakthrough Starshot team whilst on a visit to NASA Ames Research Centre in San Francisco, California. The result of this meeting led to the assembly of a group of experts within the i4is team, who had to design a starship in three days. The briefing was given late on a Friday evening, whilst Kelvin was on a stopover in New York. Andreas Hein then assembled the team which also included Rob Swinney, Richard Osborne, John Davies, Stefan Zeidler, Angelo Genovese, Bill Cress, Martin Langer, Dan Fries, Nikolas Perakis, Lukas Schrenk, Marc Casson, Sam Harrison, Adrian Mann and Professor Rachel Armstrong. Peter Milne also gave some consultancy assistance. This team performed above and beyond the call of duty and were eventually awarded the i4is Alpha Centauri prize and a specially designed Andromeda probe mission patch.

The report was titled “Initial Considerations for the Interstellar (Andromeda) Probe: A Three Day Study” and it was delivered on the desk of the Breakthrough Initiative by the following Tuesday. This represented an astonishing effort by the team, who dropped ‘normal life’ to focus 100% on doing a good job for the Breakthrough Initiative and their innovative Project Starshot.

The main requirements that the team had to design for included (i) laser sail propulsion (ii) 50 year time of flight (iii) 10% speed of light cruise velocity (iv) the target was assumed to be within the Alpha Centauri A/B system at around 4.3 light years away (v) gram-scale mass. Working with the Breakthrough Initiative, some subsequent work and calculations were also conducted by the i4is team to give improved insights into the problems and potential solutions. The results of our teams work, complemented work done by others (particularly Professor Philip Lubin and scientists from Harvard University), to give the Breakthrough Initiative confidence in the concept of a laser sail mission to the stars, and Yuri and his team went live on the 12th April 2016 to announce this incredible and inspiring project.

In the rest of this short report, we will provide an overview of the mission architecture, subsystems of the spacecraft, and the proposed beaming infrastructure that was derived by the i4is Andromeda probe team during our brief 3-day study.

Figure 2
Figure 3

Before we present our mission architecture, we present two key parameters for a laser sail mission. All existing mission architectures take a certain spot within this coordinate system. A laser-propelled interstellar mission comprises two basic elements: the laser infrastructure and the spacecraft. First, the longer that the laser beam from the infrastructure can hit the spacecraft with the laser sail, the longer it accelerates and the higher its final velocity. However, the longer the distance to the spacecraft from the laser, the more difficult it gets to focus the beam on the sail. Hence, either you accelerate the spacecraft extremely quickly, in order to avoid any focusing issues or you accelerate for a long time. But in the latter case, you need a kilometre-sized lens. In the former case, you need a lot of power and you need a sail material that can withstand the extremely high power flux (up to dozens of GW per square metre).

Previous laser sail missions have positioned themselves in the long acceleration spot of the trade space due to material temperature limitations (Forward, 1984). If the power flux from the laser is too high, the material will absorb too much heat and the sail will simply melt away. Geoffrey Landis was the first to propose a concept that uses dielectric materials that have very high reflectivity values, which allows for a high power flux on the sail, as the sail does not absorb as much heat as a material with low reflectivity values (Landis, 1989).

Finally, Phil Lubin’s proposal for a laser-propelled interstellar mission went to the extreme by proposing an acceleration within minutes to velocities of 20% of the speed of light, only possible by using materials with a 99.9999% reflectivity that still need to be developed (Lubin, 2016). The key parameter is the size of the sail and correspondingly its mass. The smaller the sail, the more difficult it is to hit it with the laser beam. But a smaller sail is also lighter. The larger the sail, the easier to hit, but also heavier. Furthermore, the larger the sail, the lower the power density, as the beam is spread out on a larger surface. Again, past concepts have positioned themselves differently with respect to this trade-off. The concepts of Robert Forward and Geoffrey Landis proposed large sails, mainly to reduce the power flux by distributing it on a larger surface area of several square kilometres. Conversely, Professor Lubin proposed to use a sail of just a few square metres.

The i4is Andromeda architecture positions itself similar to past laser sail architectures: We use a long duration of acceleration and use a large sail. However, we leverage on recent innovations that could have a disruptive effect on how we think about laser sail missions. First, we use a segmented lens, meaning that the lens that focuses the beam on the sail consists of several lenses that are positioned sequentially. Each individual lens has a size of a few hundred metres. This is still larger than anything that has been put into space. However, recent advances in 3D-printing have now lead to a stage where in just a few years, large truss structures of up to 100 metres can actually be manufactured in space.

The lenses are put at different locations along the path the spacecraft intends to travel. Each time the spacecraft passes a lens, the laser beam is transmitted from lens to lens and each subsequent lens refocuses the beam on the spacecraft. With this approach, kilometre-sized lenses can be avoided. Ten sequential Fresnel lenses, each with a radius of 95 m, are used. Circular structures of this diameter are currently conceived by Tethers Unlimited for in-orbit manufacturing. A potential Fresnel lens material is Graphene sandwich. Graphene lenses have been demonstrated in the lab in 2016. A graphene lens is expected to be extremely light. The lens infrastructure is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 (Landis, 1989)

The parameters for the laser infrastructure are given in the tables in the report. It shows that the laser beam power is orders of magnitudes lower than for the architecture proposed by Lubin. The acceleration distance with about 2 astronomical units (300 Mkm) is also much shorter than previous architectures.

The second innovation is carbon nanotube sails. They have been proposed by Greg Matloff (Matloff, 2012). Although carbon nanotubes have a very low reflectivity value, they have the advantage that they are extremely light and can withstand very high temperatures.

Further innovation has been inserted in the subsystems of the spacecraft. We propose an inflatable camera aperture that can be extended, once the probe nears Proxima Centauri and its recently discovered exoplanet. The camera is at the same time used for taking pictures but also as a star tracker for navigation in interstellar space. For power supply, an advanced beta-voltaic battery is used.

Beta-voltaic batteries directly convert the impact of radioactive particles from a radioactive material into electricity, in contrast to radioisotopic batteries which use heat to generate electricity. The advantage is a higher efficiency and smaller size. The battery serves two purposes. First, it powers the spacecraft subsystems. Second, it heats critical components of the spacecraft that need to be kept at temperatures above 3 Kelvin, the cosmic background temperature. As the power output of such a battery is below 1 W, the energy needs to be stored and accumulated, in order to enable short bursts of communication with Earth over interstellar distances. For storage, recently developed graphene capacitors are used that have an extremely high power density and can be rapidly discharged.

In the following section, we will provide an overview of the spacecraft’s configuration. Figure 2 above shows the configuration of the spacecraft with its subsystems. The large cylinder is the camera with its lens aperture. The Whipple shield protecting against interstellar particles is located at the front of the spacecraft. This part is facing the direction of flight. Figure 3 shows an orthographic view of the spacecraft without the sail. The size of the depicted spacecraft is about twice the size of a smartphone: about 12 cm by 10 cm. The grey area is the antenna transmitting data using a laser beam. In order to decrease the cross-section of the probe during flight through interstellar space, the antenna is folded during flight. The lens aperture for the camera is also folded, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4
Figure 5

Figure 5 shows the spacecraft with the unfolded antenna. The antenna is unfolded and pointed at Earth each time the spacecraft communicates. The power for the communication system is supplied by the graphene supercapacitors which are slowly charged by electromagnetic tethers.

The laser array that is located in space has a total power output of 1.12GW. This solution is preferred to an Earth-based system; there are no atmospheric losses and the laser beam can be continuously pointed at the spacecraft sail. 10 intermediate lenses keep the beam collimated. Figure 6 shows the mission architecture. The spacecraft is accelerated over a distance of 1.8 astronomical units (270 million km) by a space-based laser array. After its acceleration phase, the graphene sandwich sail is detached and the spacecraft continues its flight into interstellar space. Using the FEEP thrusters and momentum wheels, the spacecraft keeps its orientation into flight direction in order to minimise the impact of interstellar dust. Once arriving at the target star system, measurements and pictures are taken by using the onboard sensors and camera with telescope.

Figure 6

Summary

The work performed by the i4is Andromeda probe team was astonishing given the short time we had to complete the work. We also contributed positively to the inspiring Breakthrough Initiative Project Starshot. The architecture chosen by the Breakthrough Initiative team is different to that recommended by the i4is team, (i.e. ground-based beaming versus space-based beaming). But there are clear benefits in a ground-based beaming approach in the interim, including nearer term maturation of the required architecture.

The Breakthrough Initiative has also gone for a 20% speed of light mission, which is a lot more challenging than a 10% speed of light mission, but where would physics be without challenges? The main implications of this is a different laser power requirement that moves from around 1 GW up to something around 100 GW. There are many physics and engineering challenges to be solved on the programme, and these were listed during the April 12th 2016 announcement by Yuri Milner. With effort, determined commitment and the will to succeed we are confident that the stars can be won.

References

Forward, R., 1984. Roundtrip interstellar travel using laser-pushed lightsails. J. Spacecr. Rockets.

Landis, G., 1989. Optics and materials considerations for a laser-propelled lightsail.

Lubin, P., 2016. A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight, JBIS, 69, pp.40-72.

Matloff, G.L., 2012. Graphene, the Ultimate Interstellar Solar Sail Material?, JBIS, 65, pp.378-381, .

Publications

Hein, A. M., Long, K. F., Fries, D., Perakis, N., Genovese, A., Zeidler, S., Langer, M., Osborne, R., Swinney, R., Davies, J., Cress, B., Casson, M., Mann, A., & Armstrong, R., (2017). The Andromeda Study: A Femto-Spacecraft Mission to Alpha Centauri. arXiv:1708.03556 [astro-ph.IM]

Download [PDF]

Media Coverage

NowScience, "Audacious Team Publishes Comprehensive Plan to reach Alpha Centauri Using Laser Powered, Femto Spacecraft in 50 years", 8th September 2017

The Times, "Tiny armada to explore space", 8th September 2017

MIT Technology Review, "Femto-Spacecraft Could Travel to Alpha Centauri", 31st August 2017

MIT Technology Review (Spanish edition), "La humanidad podría rozar el exoplaneta más cercano a la Tierra con una nave espacial diminuta", 6th September 2017

MIT Technology Review (Japanese edition), "わずか23グラムの極小宇宙探査機は兄弟惑星にたどり着けるか", 4th September 2017

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Blog

A Precursor Mission to Proxima Centauri

31 October 2024

A Mission to Five Near Earth Objects in 2030 Adam Hibberd We at i4is, together with our collaborators on the Phase I NIAC (NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts) at Space Initiatives Inc., have been contemplating precursors to the ultimate mission of sending laser sails to swarm our nearest neighbouring star, Proxima Centauri. A summary of the […]

Deflecting Apophis

26 October 2024

Adam Hibberd There have been some developments. I have been addressing the problem of how to deflect Apophis from its path if it were indeed on a collision course with Earth. My Apocalypse Plot gives the magnitude of ΔV at different points in Apophis’s orbit to send it on a course to JUST strike the […]

Apophis: More Monolythical Mathematical Musings.

29 September 2024

Adam Hibberd Apophis gets awfully close on Friday April 13th 2029 (within GEO altitude). Its orbit is altered by the encounter with Earth and the obvious question is will there be any further possible encounters? Some of you may remember I have worked on the practicalities of sending laser-accelerated sails to intercept Apophis as it […]

Errors in Velocity Due to an Interstellar Probe’s Fast Encounter with a Star

23 July 2024

Adam Hibberd A spacecraft is travelling on a very hyperbolic orbit w.r.t. an object X (possibly a star) which has gravitational mass, μ, meaning the spacecraft is only slightly deflected from its direction of motion. Our task is to quantify the errors in velocity, both longitudinal and transverse, associated with this encounter compared to simply […]

‘Oumuamua: Lasers in Space

16 May 2024

Adam Hibberd In my latest research, I have been considering the case of using laser structures in space to accelerate space laser sails to sufficient speed so that they will ultimately reach the first discovered interstellar object, 1I/’Oumuamua, within a matter of years from launch, or even as soon as a year. This is clearly […]

Measurement of Mass by Space Sails

16 February 2024

Adam Hibberd I’ve been doing a little algebra. Let me state the problem. Let us say we have a swarm of space sails flying edge on to the interstellar medium (ISM). This swarm lies in a plane at right angles to its velocity relative to this ISM. Now lets bring in an element of the […]

Project Lyra Mission Guide

26 January 2024

Adam Hibberd I provide for you a chart of some missions to 1I/’Oumuamua investigated by Project Lyra. The green rows use chemical propulsion, the blue use nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) and the pink exploit laser sails. This table will be updated when new research becomes available. For more detail, zoom in with your mouse (Ctrl+scroll […]

Project Lyra: A Solar Oberth at 10 Solar Radii

5 January 2024

Adam Hibberd I have recently returned my attention to the Solar Oberth mission to ‘Oumuamua. For readers not familiar with this celestial body, 1I/’Oumuamua was the first interstellar object to be discovered passing through our Solar System, is now out of range of our most powerful telescopes and has left scientists with many questions in […]

Swarming Proxima

20 November 2023

Adam Hibberd Breakthrough Starshot is the Initative to send a probe at 20% light speed (0.2c) to the nearest neighbouring star Proxima Centauri. But how do we achieve such a high speed? It turns out that if we have an extremely powerful laser (and exponential advances in tech over the next decades will mean that […]

Laser and Sail in Earth Orbit with Evolutionary Neurocontrol

24 October 2023

Adam Hibberd In my last post I explained how my software development, Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software (OITS), seems to achieve miracles of intelligent design in a fashion analogous to evolution, though in fact with both cases evidently no intelligence is involved – instead simple mechanisms combined with iteration are at work. This concept stimulated me […]

OITS Takes on Evolution

10 September 2023

Adam Hibberd The more I think about evolution through natural selection the more I see analogues to my software development Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software. (I should make it clear at this early stage in my post that OITS does NOT employ a genetic/evolutionary algorithm approach, I shall elucidate below.) You see there is NO intent […]

How Close did ‘Oumuamua Approach Each of the Inner Planets?

2 September 2023

Adam Hibberd A view of the distance of ‘Oumuamua from each of the Inner Planets as it rounded the sun, reached perihelion and then sped away again. Mars was just about as far away as it could possibly have been from ‘Oumuamua. ‘Oumuamua came very close to Earth (around 0.16 au). It came no closer […]

Was Loeb’s Bolide Interstellar?

1 September 2023

Adam Hibberd Loeb’s interstellar spherules have caused controversy and indignation amongst experts in the science community. For those of you not-in-the-know, Loeb travelled to the site of a proposed interstellar meteor (his designation: IM1) which he had identified in a catalogue of bolides held by NASA and then discovered in the ocean tiny metallic blobs he […]

‘Oumuamua – a Sci-Fi Story or Reality?

23 August 2023

Adam Hibberd Let me tell you all a story. It is the story of life and its purpose. I ask you to bear with me here as Project Lyra and ‘Oumuamua will make an appearance eventually – I promise. Many of you will be familiar with the idea that the universe might be some kind […]

‘Oumuamua: The Mystery Unfolds

20 August 2023

Adam Hibberd Those of you who have been following my Project Lyra blogs know that I have over the past year or so done some extensive analysis of ‘Oumuamua’s trajectory. You may refer to previous posts on the i4is website to get an understanding of exactly what I have been up to, or alternatively continue […]

Psyche: OITS has Something to Say

18 August 2023

Adam Hibberd Here’s a mission to asteroid Psyche for you. Initial theories favoured Psyche as a core of a failed protoplanet, containing vast reserves of metals. More recent research, however favour alternative origin theories. Whatever is the case, we are about to discover its true nature and this would be a huge step forwards for […]

Project Lyra: Ignore the outlier and miss an opportunity

31 July 2023

Adam Hibberd Wouldn’t you like an answer to the question: What is ‘Oumuamua? There have been many theories, but there is no real consensus. The only way to answer this would be to send a spacecraft to observe ‘Oumuamua in situ but the total lack of will-power to get this question answered, in my view, […]

The Case of Fireball CNEOS 2017-10-09

28 July 2023

Adam Hibberd Around the middle of last year I read an article by Siraj and Loeb in which they analysed closely a database of bolides (which are meteor fireballs) maintained by NASA-JPL CNEOS (Center for Near Earth Object Studies). In so doing they identified at least one bolide as having an interstellar origin (designated CNEOS […]

Project Lyra: The Mission to Resolve a Mystery

4 July 2023

Adam Hibberd Project Lyra is the study of the feasibility of a spacecraft mission to the first interstellar object to be discovered passing through our Solar System, designated 1I/’Oumuamua. I have now authored and co-authored a total of nine Project Lyra papers. The considerable number of science papers (many now peer-reviewed, several still to be […]

Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software: The Secrets Revealed

25 June 2023

Adam Hibberd In the UK Spring of 2017, I derived the theory for solving interplanetary trajectories, which enabled me to develop a powerful software tool for optimising hight thrust spacecraft missions, a tool which I called Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software (OITS). For those of you fascinated by mathematics, in particular mathematical formulae, the two equations […]

Laser Sails: Trajectories Using Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software

16 June 2023

It struck me a while ago that I have developed this extremely effective tool for solving interplanetary trajectories (OITS), so how would I be able to exploit it for alternative applications – applications which would be beyond its originally intended purpose, that of designing trajectories for chemically propelled spacecraft (and in the process assuming impulsive […]

Mars Ride-Share: an Opportunity Not to be Missed

14 June 2023

Adam Hibberd I was recently discussing with my colleagues across the pond, the potential for mounting a cheap mission to some alternative, yet interesting destination in the inner Solar System, by exploiting a ‘ride-share’ with a more important mission, possibly one organised by NASA or ESA. It struck me that since there have been, and […]

C/2014 UN271 the comet which will NOT collide with the Earth

4 April 2023

Adam Hibberd An Oort cloud comet is composed primarily of dust and ice and has spent most of its life in the far-flung distant reaches of our Solar System (2,000 au to 200,000 au from our Sun). It is eventually nudged inward towards our Sun by gravitational influences such as galactic tides or some passing […]

Project Lyra: Falcon Heavy Expendable

27 March 2023

Adam Hibberd Following on from my previous blog where I studied the capability of the up-coming Ariane 6 4 launcher in terms of delivering a spacecraft on a course to intercept the first interstellar object to be discovered, ‘Oumuamua, I continue this logical progression with analysis of a more powerful launcher, the Falcon Heavy. The […]

Project Lyra: Using an Ariane 6

16 March 2023

Adam Hibberd Ariane 6 is the up-and-coming successor to the old Arianespace workhorse, Ariane 5, and may secure its maiden flight later this year. There will ultimately be two strap-on booster configurations from which to choose, one with two boosters, and the more powerful version with four. I thought it might be worthwhile assessing the […]

Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software (OITS)

15 February 2023

Adam Hibberd I started development of this software, OITS, in April 2017 on a holiday near the little town of Cheadle, in the county of Staffordshire, UK. I started from the very basics, deriving the theory during the holiday and continuing shortly thereafter, and then immersed myself in the implementation of the equations I had […]

Music of ‘Oumuamua

30 January 2023

Adam Hibberd If you have a fascination for the mysterious interstellar object ‘Oumuamua and are musically inclined, please check out these two pieces by my musician friend Robin Jax based on recordings of me playing two piano compositions of mine. Whether it be Robin’s neurodivergence, or my own schizophrenia, we have both overcome our respective […]

Things to Come

22 January 2023

Adam Hibberd I sometimes wonder at the short-sightedness of people. The sort of people who scoff and scorn at the far-sighted work which most of my work colleagues and I have dedicated a good deal of our lives to pursue, largely voluntarily. They may argue: We have such and such a problem NOW, how are […]

Project Lyra: Using Jupiter Alone to get to ‘Oumuamua

9 January 2023

Adam Hibberd Here is a ‘pork chop plot’ of missions to ‘Oumuamua using a Jupiter powered gravitational assist (or a Jupiter Oberth Manoeuvre, JOM). Refer to the Figure (1). Essentially, what we have are three coordinates where firstly the horizontal axis shows the launch date, the vertical axis shows the flight duration, and for every […]

‘Oumuamua: The State of Play

30 December 2022

Adam Hibberd In 2017, an interstellar object was discovered, the first ever to be detected. It was observed by the Hawaiian observatory Pan-STARRS, subsequently studied by many telescopes before disappearing into the distance in January 2018. An estimate on the number density, N (how many per unit volume), in interstellar space was determined based on […]

Why the Stars?

24 November 2022

Adam Hibberd November 2022 People may ask the question why we should venture beyond our solar system to explore the stars? Why should we commit precious resources to such an endeavour? I have an answer to this which may to some degree be a personal one. The question boils down to why are we curious? […]

Exploring ‘Oumuamua’s Trajectory – Further Notes

9 November 2022

Adam Hibberd November 2022 In my last blog I reported the progress of my work regarding the intriguing little conundrum of the first interstellar object (ISO) to be discovered, designated ‘Oumuamua, in particular my research into its orbit. In fact ‘Oumuamua is puzzling on many counts and I have also in a previous blog elaborated […]

Exploring ‘Oumuamua’s Perihelion Date

31 October 2022

Adam Hibberd October 2022 This blog may be a bit cheeky but do take heed of the last line before jumping to any conclusions! I’ve been mucking around with ‘Oumuamua’s orbit on my computer lately. Mucking around in the sense of playing with its orbital parameters and seeing what crops up. Those of you who […]

3I/ATLAS: What if?

17 July 2025

Adam Hibberd My paper with Adam Crowl and Avi Loeb is out today, and we have collectively been doing what scientists and philosophers have been doing since time immemorial, and that is asking questions, and exercising our imaginations in the process. In this case the question goes like this: ‘is 3I/ATLAS, the third interstellar interloper […]

Missions to 3I/ATLAS

8 July 2025

Adam Hibberd The third interstellar object is causing a bit of a stir. What could it be exactly? Judging by its predicted path, we should get a ring-side view of it from Earth, except for an important viewing outage as it approaches perihelion – the closest approach to the Sun – simply because it will […]

Members Newsletter – June

29 June 2025

I4is Workshops at the Royal Institution London 7/8th AugustThe i4is education team will be once again bringing the Skateboards to Starships workshops to the Royal Institution in August. For those not familiar we show how the physics and maths of jumping off a skateboard can be used to understand how rockets work and how different […]

Principium 49

9 June 2025

Principium 49 has gone out to subscribers and is now accessible to all.

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    • Eternal Memory
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Initiative for Interstellar Studies
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info@i4is.org

Starship Blog

A Precursor Mission to Proxima Centauri

Deflecting Apophis

Apophis: More Monolythical Mathematical Musings.

Errors in Velocity Due to an Interstellar Probe’s Fast Encounter with a Star

‘Oumuamua: Lasers in Space

Measurement of Mass by Space Sails

Project Lyra Mission Guide

Project Lyra: A Solar Oberth at 10 Solar Radii

Swarming Proxima

Laser and Sail in Earth Orbit with Evolutionary Neurocontrol

OITS Takes on Evolution

How Close did ‘Oumuamua Approach Each of the Inner Planets?

Was Loeb’s Bolide Interstellar?

‘Oumuamua – a Sci-Fi Story or Reality?

‘Oumuamua: The Mystery Unfolds

Psyche: OITS has Something to Say

Project Lyra: Ignore the outlier and miss an opportunity

The Case of Fireball CNEOS 2017-10-09

Project Lyra: The Mission to Resolve a Mystery

Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software: The Secrets Revealed

Laser Sails: Trajectories Using Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software

Mars Ride-Share: an Opportunity Not to be Missed

C/2014 UN271 the comet which will NOT collide with the Earth

Project Lyra: Falcon Heavy Expendable

Project Lyra: Using an Ariane 6

Optimum Interplanetary Trajectory Software (OITS)

Music of ‘Oumuamua

Things to Come

Project Lyra: Using Jupiter Alone to get to ‘Oumuamua

‘Oumuamua: The State of Play

Why the Stars?

Exploring ‘Oumuamua’s Trajectory – Further Notes

Exploring ‘Oumuamua’s Perihelion Date

3I/ATLAS: What if?

Missions to 3I/ATLAS

Members Newsletter – June

Principium 49

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